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Alan Mathison Turing developed a kind of assembly language for it. 1941-1943: Colossus I, FIRST FULLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER (of bigger size than the ABC, the Z-3 or the Z-4), using numbering base of ten, perforated paper bands, and 2 000 vacuum tubes, by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman and others. You should not simply consider the real size of the pool table additionally the required playing space around the table. 1943-1946: ENIAC, Electronic Numeric Integrator Analyser and Computer, SECOND FULLY ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER (of much bigger size than the ABC, the Z-3, the Z-4 or the Colossus I), by Presper Eckert in collaboration with John Mauchly (-1980) (Moore Engineering School, University of Pennsylvania), and in collaboration with John Von Neumann (1903-1957) (Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, not to confuse with Max Newman). 1950: Pilot ACE, Automatic Computing Engine, electronic digital computer by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman and others, using numbering base of two and programmable by a kind of assembly language. 1941-1942: Ultra, electro-mechanic computer using numbering base of ten and magnetic relais, by Alan Mathison Turing in collaboration with Max Newman and others. An historical court decision in 1972 recognised that this computer had at least been an inspiration for building some other computers.

This project was modified by Eckert and Mauchly in order to accept big format magnetic tapes instead of perforated paper tapes, and for building it of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. It used numbering base of two and 300 vacuum tubes. It was never finished, but it served as a model for some other electro-mechanic computers in numbering base of two (although also some purely mechanic calculators in numbering base of ten continued being made until the 1970's). 1937-1942: ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer, by John Atanasoff (Iowa State College), in collaboration with Clifford Berry. 1941: Z-3, partly electro-mechanic and partly electronic computer using magnetic relais and some vacuum tubes, of numbering base of two, by Konrad Zuse with Helmut Schreyer. About 1945: As We May Think, essay by Vannevar Bush (Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Director of the United States Office of Scientific Research and Development), describing a computer aided hyper text system that he named "Memex", able to find linked information and to insert easily new information by its different users. 1981: Xerox Star, graphic operating system by Xerox at Palo Alto Research Centre. It used numbering base of ten, perforated cards and 17 474 vacuum tubes at 100 Kilohertz, consuming 150 Kilowatt for operation, plus the consumption of the refrigeration system (necessary to extract the heat generated by the vacuum tubes), programmable by hardware connections.

1937-1943: Harvard Mark I, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, perforated cardboard cards and numbering base of ten, operational in 1943 and presented to the public in 1944, by the group of Howard Aiken (Harvard University and International Business Machines), with support of the United States Navy. SECOND COMPUTER USING NUMBERING BASE OF TWO. Never built, the expensive project was refused by the German Government in 1940, and the two inventors had to abandon it definitely in 1942, in order to concentrate on perfecting the more modest Z-3 computer, and in creating the Z-4 computer. 1948-1951: EDVAC, Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, electronic digital computer using numbering base of two, perforated cards and vacuum tubes, by Presper Eckert with John Mauchly and in collaboration with John Von Neumann. The EDSAC was based on the project of the EDVAC, but it was finished before. 1950: Silhouette of a Scottish Dancer, first artistic image in a computer screen (an oscilloscope), made by an anonymous operator in the EDSAC of Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University. This theory was applied to the EDVAC in 1948 (renamed UNIVAC in 1951), to the EDSAC in 1949, and to many other computers afterwards.

In 1951 those modifications were released in a new model renamed UNIVAC I, Universal Automatic Computer I (see further below). 1948: Manchester Mark I (not to confuse with Harvard Mark I), electronic digital computer using numbering base of two, phosphor screens and perforated paper tapes, by Max Newman (not to confuse with John Von Neumann). 1945: a real bug, an insect, temporarily stops a Mark II computer at the Naval Center in Virginia. Faster than the Harvard Mark I by a factor of over a thousand, the ENIAC could perform operations in 200 microseconds. Presented to the public in 1946, the ENIAC had a height of over 4 metres, a length of almost 30 metres, and a weight of 4 Megagrammes for its core only, almost 30 Megagrammes counting its peripherals and support systems. Presented to the public in 1948. 1948: Norbert Wiener coins the term "Cybernetics" (from the Greek word "kybernos", meaning "control" or "controllable"), defined as "the Science of control and communication in animal or in machine". It was presented to the public in 1939, although it was unfinished and so it remained. Those programming languages allow the human programmer to write instructions to the computer in the form of short commands, known as mnemonic commands, that a human can more easily remember.

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