What are the Benefits of Flexible & Submersible Cables? > 자유게시판

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It's advantageous to keep it under a few miles (mostly for DSL), but in rural areas especially it can be far longer. The FCC has begun to authorize abandonment of copper outside plant in major markets, and telcos are applying to perform such abandonment in more and more areas. Today, the FCC imposes requirements on telephone lines as part of its regulatory oversight of telcos. The replacement is IP, part of the overall trend of "over the top" delivery, what is electric cable meaning that all communications utilities can be delivered by the use of IP as a common denominator. Individual companies no longer cooperate to ensure the overall reliability of the electric grid. Today, many states have no authority to either order investments or compensate companies that make them, leaving Wall Street and the "free market" to decide who shall have reliable electric power. It was market clearly with with chalk dust and that was the expected exit point of the electric cable ducting. Why is it taking decades to replace old cable? The shopkeeper, a nice old lady whose name I forget, kept me talking for yonks, but eventually I paid for the two pint bottle of semi-skimmed.

The local loop is fundamentally two long copper wires that go directly from your phone to the exchange. The nearly two dozen states that have restructured their local industry, forcing utilities to sell their generation assets to conglomerate holding companies, in order to "compete," must return responsibility and oversight for electric generation and disribution to the state utility commissions. This type of service is usually branded as "digital voice." Historically this seems to have come about to evade VoIP's bad reputation; in the early days of Vonage and the charmingly sketchy, back-of-magazine-ad Magic Jack, VoIP products often delivered subpar service. Black & Veatch reports that although utilities currently spend more than $18 billion on local distribution systems, most of that is to string new wire to new housing developments (which will likely come to an end soon, along with the housing boom), and that an additional $8-10 billion per year is needed to replace obsolete and corroded equipment.

Local loops are routinely in poor condition which throws things out of spec anyway, and then subscribers use all kinds of weird phones that are not always that well designed (the history of regulation of telephone instruments could fill its own post). Again, for various reasons, there are various kinds. Somewhere in town there is a telephone exchange, and somewhere in your house there is a telephone. There were some independent organizations that promulgated telephone standards (such as the railroads which had their own extensive telephone plants), but they were almost always completely deferential to the Bell System. They compete to build power plants and transmission lines based on their return on investment, not on the physical requirements of a regional system. Between 1990 and the year 2000, utility employment in power generation dropped from 350,000 to 280,000, as utilities looked for ways to slash costs, to be "competitive." Over the same decade, employment in transmission and distribution went from 196,000 to 156,000, in a system that is growing more complex by the day. Before deregulation, companies like Con Edison would make investments in infrastructure that were deemed necessary, to maintain a level of service and reliability that met industry-wide standards, assured that state regulators would allow them to recover the costs, and maintain their financial health.

Con Edison delivers electricity to 3.2 million customers, through 95,000 miles of underground cable, and 33,000 miles of overhead wires. In 1986, Con Edison began a program to replace all of its older cable with a newer design. As soon as I placed the last cable, the whole cable exploded and disappeared! According to media reports, recently Southern California Edison sought approval from the state Public Utilities Commission to replace 800 miles of aging underground cable, after concluding that cable failures were the leading cause of outages that could be prevented. In stranded cable, the DC electric current divides equally among all the strands. Approximately, the power flowing over an AC line is proportional to the cosine of the phase angle of the voltage and current at the ends. Phones are really very robust, and the basic design of the system is over 100 years old. It is spending about $25 million per year, and at that rate, the utility will not finish until 2024. By that time, some of its replacement cable will be 38 years old. However, Tin Cable can only withstand 5 EU/t; no problem, just upgrade my Electrical Engines with a Small Curcuit Board containing an Iron Electron Tube, which reduces the power required by 1 EU/t.